Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) is a very important fruit species in terms of genetic diversity, production and export parameters for Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine and protect tolerant types to fire blight disease that caused Erwinia amylovora Burrill, which is one of the most important bacterial disease in cultivation, under natural epidemic conditions. In addition to the disease resistance, general, topographic, pomological, morphololic characteristics and 16 characteristics from UPOV, which were selected in terms of usage as variety or rootstock, were examined. Surveys conducted in the Eastern Marmara Region, 3 genotypes, that named locally Bardak, Limon and Aci quince, from Bursa and 1 genotype from Sakarya were selected as tolerant to fire blight under natural epidemic conditions with two years observations. The disease rate in these genotypes varied between 0-12%. The genotypes have grown predominantly wild or local types in national gardens and all have tree crown shape; semi-upright, leaf blade shape; ovate and fruits have neck. While the distribution of genotypes in terms of fruit color was determined as yellow-green and yellow. Fruit: size of eye basin, stalk cavity fruit shape, leaf blade: angle at apex, shape of base, attitude characteristics showed wide variation. Leaf width, height and petiole length values of the genotypes differed between 5.56-9.10 cm, 5.56-10.86 cm and 10.00-20.40 mm, respectively. The average fruit width and length was found to be 6.25-9.58 cm and 8.20-12.00 cm. Average fruit weight was found to be in the range of 263-510 g. QFBNT16-3 genotype has come to the forefront in terms of fruit characteristics; width, height and average fruit weight and leaf characteristics; width and petiole length. In addition this genoype that selected from Bursa - Keles region, which has the local name “Bardak quince”, resistant to natural fire blight epidemy. In this study, it was determined that most of the quince genotypes distributed in the Eastern Marmara Region showed significant variation in their characteristics and these genotypes, which were determined to be tolerant to naturally occurring fire blight in the field conditions, had the potential to be used as genitors for rootstock and cultivar breeding.

This study was carried out to specify the plant species consumed as vegetables by local people living in districts and villages of Kars province in order to determine our cultural richness based on the usage types of these species by aiming to hand down the next generations in 2015-2016. It was determined that 87 taxa belonging to 19 families are used as vegetables in the research area. It was found that determined plant species belong to Asteracea, Lamiaceae, Polyogonocea and Apiaceae families. While it was determined that parts of these plants such as root, stem, shoot, flower, branch, leaf, seed and tuber were consumed as vegetables, however, it was also revealed that the habit of consuming may be differed from region to region. These plants are consumed as fresh, dried, in brine, frozen, processed by pickles or preserved in the form of canned food. Moreover, it was ascertained that they are consumed as raw (salad), food, wrap, soup, pastry, pickles, jams and some of them as spices for taste and smell, and additionally as tea for therapeutic purposes. All plants were recorded by their local names, locations, parts with their usage patterns. Herbarium was prepared and later identified by Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University. Herbarium specimens and seed samples were sent to Seed Gene Bank of Turkey (Ankara) and the National Seed Gene Bank (Menemen/Izmir) by aim of conservation.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), is oil crop plant belonging to Compositae (Asteraceae) family and is the fourth in the world in terms of the largest consuming edible oil and approximately 60% of the sunflower cultivation areas in the world are in the Black Sea Region countries. Sunflower is growing almost all parts of Turkey due to higher adaptation capability. The amount of vegetable oil produced in Turkey is not enough for our domestic consumption and this existing deficit is increasing due to increasing population year by year. This deficit could be reduced by improving of oil quality and the use of higher oleic acid could decrease the consumption of frying oil. The selection utilizing with classical breeding methods to develop varieties containing high oleic acid is both hard and less precision because it is affected more by biotic and abiotic stress conditions. However, it is possible to obtain faster and more consistent results in plant breeding containing high oleic acid by using biotechnological methods and selections supported by molecular marker selection (MAS). In this study, the screening of 40 F3 individuals and also 55 higher, mid and linoleic acid content type cultivars have been screened by molecular markers and analyzed for fatty aside contents. Six INDEL markers based on the variations of FAD2 gene region that is related to high oleic acid trait and 3 SSR markers that were reported as high oleic linked markers in the literatures were used in this study. All of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for detection of their fatty acid contents and compared to molecular marker results. As a result of this study, 3 markers which can be used for selection of the high oleic trait were detected.

Tissue culture techniques, one of the biotechnological applications for the protection of plant biodiversity, are often used especially in the protection of endemic plants. Iris sari Schott ex Baker, an endemic species of the family Iridaceae, has natural spreading areas in our country. The aim of our study is to investigate the vegetative multiplication and effective rooting possibilities of Iris sari Schott ex Baker, one of the geophytes of Turkey, with in vitro techniques. For this purpose, immature embryos belonging to the Iris sari Schott ex Baker plant have been used as initial explant. Rooting studies were done with shoots obtained as a result of in vitro proliferation studies. As a result of the studies, the best rate of reproduction was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 NAA + 1.0 mg l-1 BAP with 10.3 shoots per explant. In rooting of proliferated plantlets, the medium in which the highest rooting is achieved was found in MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 IBA+2.0 mg l-1 JA with 16.5 roots per plant. When the bulb diameters of plantlets were examined, it was observed that the best bulb development was achieved from MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1IBA+0.2 mg l-1NAA+2.0 mg l-1JA and 1.0 mg l-1IBA with a bulb diameter increase average of 4.19 mm.

Prunus divaricata subsp. divaricata is a plant that is believed to have medicinal benefits and is used for this purpose as well as consumed by the local people as food. Despite its economic potential wild P. divaricata subsp. divaricata has still not domesticated and the fruits consumption has not became prevalent. In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts obtained from two different extractors (soxhlete and ultrasonic bath) from P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruits collected from two different locations (Ahirdagi and Nurhak) in Kahramanmaras were investigated. In addition, fatty acids were analyzed by GC-MS analysis and 25 different fatty acids were determined. The main fatty acid components of P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruit extracts collected from the Ahirdagi location include cis-11,14,17- eicosatrienoic acid (31.20%) and oleic acid (25.41%); in plants from Nurhak location, oleic acid (49.77%) and palmitic acid (23.05%). The ultrasonic bath was found to be more effective in detecting the bioactive contents of the extracts than the soxhlete. Total phenolic content of plant extracts (USB) in Ahirdagi and Nurhak locations were 62.50 and 37.40 mg g-1, total flavonoid amount was 2.96 and 1.81 mg g-1, FRAP value was 31.05 and 20.82 µg g-1 and DPPH were 1.47 and 1.65 mg g-1. Antimicrobial activity experiment carried with a total of 10 microorganisms (eight bacteria and two yeasts) showed that P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruit extracts inhibited all of the microorganisms growth tested. However, inhibition effect on bacteria was higher than fungi.

This study was carried out to specify the plant species consumed as vegetables by local people living in districts and villages of Kars province in order to determine our cultural richness based on the usage types of these species by aiming to hand down the next generations in 2015-2016. It was determined that 87 taxa belonging to 19 families are used as vegetables in the research area. It was found that determined plant species belong to Asteracea, Lamiaceae, Polyogonocea and Apiaceae families. While it was determined that parts of these plants such as root, stem, shoot, flower, branch, leaf, seed and tuber were consumed as vegetables, however, it was also revealed that the habit of consuming may be differed from region to region. These plants are consumed as fresh, dried, in brine, frozen, processed by pickles or preserved in the form of canned food. Moreover, it was ascertained that they are consumed as raw (salad), food, wrap, soup, pastry, pickles, jams and some of them as spices for taste and smell, and additionally as tea for therapeutic purposes. All plants were recorded by their local names, locations, parts with their usage patterns. Herbarium was prepared and later identified by Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University. Herbarium specimens and seed samples were sent to Seed Gene Bank of Turkey (Ankara) and the National Seed Gene Bank (Menemen/Izmir) by aim of conservation.

Tissue culture techniques, one of the biotechnological applications for the protection of plant biodiversity, are often used especially in the protection of endemic plants. Iris sari Schott ex Baker, an endemic species of the family Iridaceae, has natural spreading areas in our country. The aim of our study is to investigate the vegetative multiplication and effective rooting possibilities of Iris sari Schott ex Baker, one of the geophytes of Turkey, with in vitro techniques. For this purpose, immature embryos belonging to the Iris sari Schott ex Baker plant have been used as initial explant. Rooting studies were done with shoots obtained as a result of in vitro proliferation studies. As a result of the studies, the best rate of reproduction was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 NAA + 1.0 mg l-1 BAP with 10.3 shoots per explant. In rooting of proliferated plantlets, the medium in which the highest rooting is achieved was found in MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1 IBA+2.0 mg l-1 JA with 16.5 roots per plant. When the bulb diameters of plantlets were examined, it was observed that the best bulb development was achieved from MS medium containing 1.0 mg l-1IBA+0.2 mg l-1NAA+2.0 mg l-1JA and 1.0 mg l-1IBA with a bulb diameter increase average of 4.19 mm.

Prunus divaricata subsp. divaricata is a plant that is believed to have medicinal benefits and is used for this purpose as well as consumed by the local people as food. Despite its economic potential wild P. divaricata subsp. divaricata has still not domesticated and the fruits consumption has not became prevalent. In this study, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts obtained from two different extractors (soxhlete and ultrasonic bath) from P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruits collected from two different locations (Ahirdagi and Nurhak) in Kahramanmaras were investigated. In addition, fatty acids were analyzed by GC-MS analysis and 25 different fatty acids were determined. The main fatty acid components of P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruit extracts collected from the Ahirdagi location include cis-11,14,17- eicosatrienoic acid (31.20%) and oleic acid (25.41%); in plants from Nurhak location, oleic acid (49.77%) and palmitic acid (23.05%). The ultrasonic bath was found to be more effective in detecting the bioactive contents of the extracts than the soxhlete. Total phenolic content of plant extracts (USB) in Ahirdagi and Nurhak locations were 62.50 and 37.40 mg g-1, total flavonoid amount was 2.96 and 1.81 mg g-1, FRAP value was 31.05 and 20.82 µg g-1 and DPPH were 1.47 and 1.65 mg g-1. Antimicrobial activity experiment carried with a total of 10 microorganisms (eight bacteria and two yeasts) showed that P. divaricata subsp. divaricata fruit extracts inhibited all of the microorganisms growth tested. However, inhibition effect on bacteria was higher than fungi.

The widespreading of modern wheat cultivars, especially throughout last 50 years in Turkey, have caused to progressively decrease the proportion of landraces in production. However, Turkish wheat landraces have been popular again for production because of new trends in production systems and demands in recent years. Therefore, it will be useful to consider the potential risks and opportunities of wheat production based on landraces instead of modern varieties. In considerations on modern wheat varieties and landraces, it should be avoided from comparison, discussing and approaching making each other useless. The annual production of wheat should not be put at risk, and it should not be forgotten the importance of high yielding modern wheat varieties in providing the food security for increasing population. For this reason, the preferring the landraces instead of modern varieties will be risky in wheat production to be performed in conditions capable of providing the high grain yield. On the contrary, the landraces have the production opportunities and potentials; in low yielding conditions despite the conventional farming system, for situations desiring the high straw yield, in places with high local demands, and especially for organic wheat farming. These opportunities and potentials could be considered in scientific and farmer participatory studies, and it could be provided the economic and sustainable production based on wheat landraces with great importance in terms of breeding.

The aim of this study is to determine which wheat varieties developed by public and private sector extension organizations are preferred by producers. In addition, it has been determined which wheat varieties are preferred due to their characteristics. The study was conducted in Ankara, Polatli district. In 2015, Polatli district was chosen because of the widespread use of wheat varieties developed by public and private sector extension. Tosunbey wheat variety was used in public sector and Esperiye wheat variety was used in private sector extension. The data in the farmer registration system were used to identify the producers using both wheat varieties. Stratified sampling method was used to determine the sample volume. According to this method, the sample volume was determined as 74 producers. In June - August 2015, face-to-face interviews were conducted with producers to collect data. Chi-Square test was used to compare the relationships between the data obtained. According to the research findings; there was a statistically significant relationship between producers wheat type preference and variables such as residence, irrigable land size and membership to agricultural unions (P<0.05). It was determined that high prices and advance payments given to the product were the main factors affecting the choice of wheat varieties. It has been concluded that private sector extension is more effective in adopting wheat varieties than public sector extension.

Although the buffaloes [Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758)] are tropical origin, they are very sensitive to climatic differences. There are administrative measures that will be able to taken to reduce the effects of temperature stress on buffaloes. For this purpose, shade areas, fans, shower systems, natural and artificial pools can be created in buffalo farms. In hot weather, artificial ponds or canopy areas are created for the buffaloes to prevent heat increase in the body. On the other hand, in the some of changes that will be done in the ration within the scope of feeding (feeding system, selection of feeds with low heat value in the ration and preference of additives) prevent the decrease in feed consumption and thus have a positive effect on the performance of the animal. In this review, the importance of administration and feeding in order to prevent buffalo losses that may occur due to negative environmental conditions, to sustain the lives of animals and to provide qualified products are tried to be explained.

Dodder (Cuscuta spp.) is a parasitic weed damaging several crop plants. A weed survey covering vegetable fields, orchards and vineyards was conducted from 2015 to 2018 in Northwestern Turkey. During surveys parasitic weed Cuscuta campestris Yunck was found attached to 23 weed species from 15 families. Higher frequency of parasitism of dodder was determined in Polygonum aviculare L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich., Lactuca serriola L., Portulaca oleracea L. and Cichorium intybus L. weed species. The infection intensity was the highest in Lactuca serriola L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Portulaca oleracea L., Tribulus terrestris L., Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich., Rumex crispus L. and Polygonum aviculare L.

In this study Cytotoxic effects of radioiodine (I131) which is a radionuclide used for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancers and hyperthyroidism on mitotic chromosomes of root tips meristematic cells of fava bean [Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae)] were investigated. Seeds treated with radioiodine (I131) for 24, 48, 96 hours and 16 days were germinated. The root tips were taken and prepared for microscopic studies. Radioiodine (I131) caused chromosomal abnormalities as chromosome adherence, chromosome breaks, ring chromosome, chromatin bridge in V. faba L. root tip cells. The most common type of observed abnormalities was fish bone chromosome adherence, ring and C chromosome and chromosome dispersion. As a result of this study, it was determined that radioiodine (I131) had a mitodepressive effect on mitosis and harmful effects on V. faba L. root tip cells. The data obtained were evaluated numerically and statistical analysis was performed.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), is oil crop plant belonging to Compositae (Asteraceae) family and is the fourth in the world in terms of the largest consuming edible oil and approximately 60% of the sunflower cultivation areas in the world are in the Black Sea Region countries. Sunflower is growing almost all parts of Turkey due to higher adaptation capability. The amount of vegetable oil produced in Turkey is not enough for our domestic consumption and this existing deficit is increasing due to increasing population year by year. This deficit could be reduced by improving of oil quality and the use of higher oleic acid could decrease the consumption of frying oil. The selection utilizing with classical breeding methods to develop varieties containing high oleic acid is both hard and less precision because it is affected more by biotic and abiotic stress conditions. However, it is possible to obtain faster and more consistent results in plant breeding containing high oleic acid by using biotechnological methods and selections supported by molecular marker selection (MAS). In this study, the screening of 40 F3 individuals and also 55 higher, mid and linoleic acid content type cultivars have been screened by molecular markers and analyzed for fatty aside contents. Six INDEL markers based on the variations of FAD2 gene region that is related to high oleic acid trait and 3 SSR markers that were reported as high oleic linked markers in the literatures were used in this study. All of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for detection of their fatty acid contents and compared to molecular marker results. As a result of this study, 3 markers which can be used for selection of the high oleic trait were detected.

Experiments were conducted for three years (2016, 2017 and 2018) under ecological conditions of Konya-Karapinar region of Turkey in randomized blocks in split plots experimental design with 3 replications. Three irrigation treatments (S1: Full-irrigation with no water deficit, S2: 75% of S1 irrigation, S3: 50% of S1 irrigation) were placed into main plots and six switchgrass cultivars (Alamo, Kanlow, Shelter, Shawnee, Cave in rock ve Trailblazer) were placed into the sub-plots. According to result of were obtained in terms of cultivars average seed yield were varied between 5.7 kg da-1 (Alamo) -52.7 kg da-1 (Cave in rock), thousand-kernel weights between 0.82 g (Alamo) -1.66 g (Cave in rock) and harvest index between 0.21% (Alamo) – 3.57% (Cave in rock). In this study, it was determined that the varieties in lowland ecotype had low average seed yield, thousand-kernel weight and harvest index values, but the upland varieties had higher average seed yield and seed size and irrigation or water disability was effective factor on the parameters studied.

n recent years, intensive honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) deaths have caused many questions in beekeeping. As the use of chemicals for bee health does not give the expected results and new problems such as residue problems in bee products are emerging, new ways of exit are being sought. In the studies, it is foreseen that the bees cannot cope with many stress factors and that the bees are not fed with sufficient and high-quality food sources. As a result of malnutrition, honey bee is the target of common bee diseases and pests due to decreased the immune system, It is important in terms of sustainable beekeepers to be well understood by beekeepers that improving the nutritional status of bees should be the main objective in fighting against bee health challenges. With this review, in the light of current researches and new information, the importance of feeding honey bees is revealed and it is aimed to be well understood by beekeepers.